Old Cairo: A Journey Through Coptic and Islamic History

Take a journey through 2,000 years of history in Old Cairo, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. This is a "tale of two cities" in one district. First, explore Coptic Cairo, the ancient, peaceful 1,500-year-old Christian heart. You'll descend into the Holy Family crypt at Abu Serga Church and see the iconic Hanging Church, built upon a Roman fortress. Then, step into medieval Islamic Cairo, the "City of a Thousand Minarets." Here, you can climb the spiral minaret of the Ibn Tulun Mosque and get lost in the magical, bustling lanes of the Khan El-Khalili bazaar.

EFT Team
April 28, 2020
Updated: November 11, 2025

Step into a world where time stops. Welcome to Old Cairo, the historic, beating heart of the city and a UNESCO World World Heritage Site. This is not just one place, but a magical, living “city within a city,” a labyrinth of narrow alleyways and ancient walls where two of the world’s great religions grew side-by-side.

A visit here is a tale of two cities:

Coptic Cairo: A 1,500-year-old fortress, the ancient cradle of Christianity in Egypt.
Islamic Cairo: The medieval, 1,000-year-old “City of a Thousand Minarets,” with its grand mosques and bustling bazaars.

This is a treasure trove of cultural, religious, and architectural wonders that provides an unforgettable glimpse into Egypt’s rich, layered past.

Coptic Cairo: The Ancient Fortress of Babylon

Your journey begins in Coptic Cairo, one of the most important locations for the history of Christianity in Egypt. This entire neighborhood is built within and around the walls of the ancient 2nd-century Roman Fortress of Babylon.

This sacred area is a compact, peaceful, and deeply spiritual place. Its greatest significance, according to Christian tradition, is that this is the very area where the Holy Family (Joseph, Mary, and the infant Jesus) sought refuge during their flight into Egypt.

As you walk its quiet, stone-paved lanes, your Egypt Fun Tours guide will show you these “must-see” sites.

1. The Hanging Church (Al-Muallaqa)

This is the most famous and iconic landmark in Coptic Cairo.

Why is it “Hanging”? You’ll walk up a flight of stairs to enter because this 3rd-century church was brilliantly built on top of the two main towers of the Roman fortress gatehouse. You can still see the ancient Roman towers through a glass floor inside the church.
What to See: It’s a stunning architectural masterpiece, with a beautiful open courtyard and an 11th-century marble pulpit.

2. The Church of St. Sergius and Bacchus (Abu Serga)

This is arguably the holiest spot in the entire district.

The Holy Crypt: This 4th-century church is built directly over the cave and spring where the Holy Family is believed to have rested at the end of their journey. Your guide can take you down the steps into this small, sacred crypt, which is a powerful experience for visitors of all faiths.

3. The Ben Ezra Synagogue

A testament to Old Cairo’s incredible history of coexistence. Tucked away behind the churches, you’ll find the Ben Ezra Synagogue.

The Genizah Find: This synagogue is world-famous because it’s where the “Cairo Genizah” was discovered—a treasure trove of thousands of medieval Jewish documents that provided an unprecedented look into daily life in the Middle Ages.
Local Legend: According to local tradition, this is also the area where the pharaoh’s daughter found the baby Moses in the reeds of the Nile.

4. The Coptic Museum

This museum, located right in the fortress, houses the largest collection of Coptic Christian artifacts in the world. It’s a beautiful, modern museum that showcases the unique fusion of Pharaonic, Greek, Roman, and Christian art that defines the Coptic era.

Islamic Cairo: The Medieval “City of a Thousand Minarets”

Just a short drive from Coptic Cairo is the vast, magnificent, and bustling world of Islamic Cairo. This was the capital of Egypt during its 14th-century “golden age,” when it was the richest and most powerful center of the Islamic world.

This is a living, breathing part of the city, full of stunning architecture, grand mosques, and one of the most famous markets on Earth.

1. The Mosque of Ibn Tulun

This is a “must-see” masterpiece. Built in the 9th century, it is the oldest and largest mosque in Egypt that still stands in its original form.

The Unique Minaret: Unlike any other minaret in Cairo, it features a famous spiraling, snail-shell-like staircase on the outside.
The “Insider’s Tip”: You can climb the minaret! The climb is an easy walk up the spiral stairs and offers one of the most incredible, 360-degree panoramic views of the entire city.

2. Al-Muizz Street (The “Open-Air Museum”)

This is the 1,000-year-old main street of the old Fatimid city. Today, it’s a pedestrian-friendly zone that is a living “open-air museum” of Islamic architecture. It’s lined with medieval mosques, palaces, schools (madrasas), and mausoleums. A walk here, especially in the late afternoon as the monuments are illuminated, is pure magic.

3. The Khan El-Khalili Bazaar

Al-Muizz Street leads you directly to the legendary Khan El-Khalili. This is the most famous bazaar in the Middle East. It’s a vast, chaotic, and wonderful maze of alleys where you can bargain for everything from colorful lanterns and silver jewelry to spices, perfumes, and papyrus. It’s the perfect place to end your day.

How to Visit: The “Egypt Fun Tours” Way

Old Cairo is a vast, complex, and unmissable part of your visit. It is not just one site, but two distinct neighborhoods that tell the full, layered story of this city.

Navigating the winding streets of both Coptic and Islamic Cairo can be overwhelming. Let an Egypt Fun Tours guide bring this history to life.

We handle all the private, air-conditioned transport between the sites.
Our expert guides will tell you the stories behind the stones, translating the history of the Holy Family, the sultans, and the saints.
We’ll show you the best photo spots, the best “hidden gems” (like climbing the Ibn Tulun minaret), and the safest, best places to shop in the Khan El-Khalili.

Let us help you build the perfect, full-day tour that covers all of Cairo’s incredible history, from the first Roman fortress to the last medieval bazaar.

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